1. Morero
Ho etsa hore ts'ebetso ea ho penta nickel e se nang motlakase e be ea maemo a tloaelehileng, taolo ea liparamente, le litlhoko tsa boleng li be maemong a tloaelehileng, ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng ba ho penta bo fihlelang litekanyetso tsa bareki le tsa machabeng.
2. Sekhahla
E sebetsa ho plating ea nickel e se nang motlakase holim'a tšepe ea carbon, tšepe e sa hloekang le li-alloy tsa koporo. Ha e sebetse ho li-alloy tsa magnesium, li-alloy tsa titanium, kapa lits'ebetso tse ling tse ikhethang.
3. Litšupiso tse Tloaelehileng
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Liaparo tsa alloy tsa nickel-phosphorus tse iketsang ka bohona
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Tekanyetso ea disampole tsa liteko le lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le tse ling tse sa pheleng holim'a li-substrate tsa tšepe kamora liteko tsa mafome
- • ASTM B733-18 – Tlhaloso e Tloaelehileng bakeng sa Liaparo tsa Nickel-Fosforasi tse Iketsang ka Bohona (tse se nang Motlakase)
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Liaparo tsa tšepe – Liaparo tsa alloy tsa nickel-phosphorus tse iketsang ka bohona (tse se nang motlakase)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Liaparo tsa tšepe holim'a li-substrate tsa tšepe – Liaparo tse koahetsoeng ka motlakase le tse bolokiloeng ka lik'hemik'hale – Mekhoa ea teko ea ho khomarela
4. Molao-motheo oa Ts'ebetso
Ho penta nickel ntle le motlakase ke mokhoa oa ho kenya lik'hemik'hale ka boiketsetso moo sodium hypophosphite e fokotsang li-ion tsa Ni²⁺ ho etsa seaparo sa alloy ea Ni-P.
Mokhoa oa karabelo:
- • Oxidation ea anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Phokotso ea Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Phosphorus e kopantsoeng hammoho: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Ho arola ka ho koahela ka bongata ba phosphorus:
| Mofuta | Bongata ba phosphorus |
| Tlase-P | 1–5% |
| Bohareng-P | 5–10% |
| High-P | 10–15% |
5. Phallo ea Ts'ebetso
Tlhahlobo → Ho tlosa mafura → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a chesang → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a phallang → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata → Ho kenya tshebetsong → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata → Ho poleitisa ka metsi a mangata ntle le motlakase → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata a fapaneng le metsi a mangata a → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata a → Ho hlatswa ka metsi a mangata a → Ho omisa ka metsi a mangata → Ho paka
6. Liparamente tsa Ts'ebetso ea Bohlokoa
| Paramethara | Sebaka sa taolo | Litlhaloso |
| Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | E khothaletsoang 9–10 g/L |
| Hypophosphate ea sodium | 25–35 g/L | Karolelano ea molar ho Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Moemeli o rarahaneng (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | E tsitsisa li-ion tsa nickel |
| Buffer (acetate ea sodium) | 15–25 g/L | E boloka botsitso ba pH |
| boleng ba pH | 4.5–5.5 (Bohareng/bo phahameng-P) | E fetotsoe ka ammonia kapa sodium carbonate |
| Thempereichara | 85–90℃ | 88±1℃ e ntle ka ho fetisisa |
| Ho ntse ho jarolloa | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Ho jara ho hoholo ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho beoa ha thepa |
| Sekhahla sa ho ntsha tjhelete | 15–25 μm/h | E fokotseha ka ho tsofala ha bate |
| Nako | Metsotso e 15–60 | Ho latela botenya bo hlokahalang |
| Pherekano | Moea o nang le mechine kapa khatello e tlase | Ho kgothaletswa ho tsamaisa kapa ho potoloha ha mosebetsi |
| Sefe | Ho sefa ho tswelang pele, tekanyo ya 5–10 μm | E tlosa dikarolwana, e thibela ho taboha ha dikoti |
7. Litlhaloso tsa Sehlahisoa le Bokhoni ba ho Koahela
7.1 Sebaka sa Boholo ba Mosebetsi
| Ntho | Paramethara |
| Boholo bo phahameng | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Boholo bo fokolang | 5×5×5 mm |
| Boima bo phahameng | 200 kg |
| Boima bo tlase | 1 g |
7.2 Bokgoni ba ho Koahela Botenya
| Mofuta | Mefuta e fapaneng ea botenya | Tšebeliso e tloaelehileng |
| Likarolo tse nepahetseng | 5–10 μm | Likhoele, li-core tsa li-valve, likarolo tsa hydraulic |
| Likarolo tse tloaelehileng | 10–50 μm | Likarolo tse akaretsang tse hanang ho ts'enyeha le ho tsofala |
| Seaparo se teteaneng | 50–100 μm | Ho lokisa ho tsofala, libaka tse mpe tse senyang |
Ho tšoana: ± 10% (likarolo tse akaretsang); ± 15% (libopeho tse rarahaneng)
7.3 Matlotlo a ho Koahela
| Thepa | E koahetsoe ka botlalo | E phekolwa ka mocheso (400℃ × 1h) | Litlhaloso |
| Boima (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Kalafo ea mocheso e eketsa ho thatafala |
| Ho khomarela | ≤ Kereiti ea 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Ha ho peelloang, ha ho na ho petsoha |
| Teko ea spray ea letsoai (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥lihora tse 24 (Bohareng ba P) ≥72 h (High-P) | — | Ho ya ka tlhoko ya moreki |
| Ho ba le masoba | ≤1 ntlha/cm² | — | Hangata ha e na masoba ≥25 μm |
| Ho hanyetsa | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Kalafo ea mocheso: 400℃ ±10℃, hora e le 'ngoe, moea/sebōpi se pholile.
8. Bokgoni ba Tlhahiso
| Ntho | Bokgoni |
| Bophahamo ba tanka e le 'ngoe | 2–5 m³ |
| Boima ba sehlopha | 500–1500 kg |
| Bokhoni ba letsatsi le letsatsi | Lithane tse 3–8 |
| Bokhoni ba khoeli le khoeli | Lithane tse 80–200 |
Ela Hloko: Bokgoni ba sebele bo itshetlehile ka sebopeho sa mmele, botenya, le botsofadi ba bate.
9. Tlhahlobo ea Boleng
9.1 Lintho tsa Tlhahlobo
| Ntho | Mokhoa | Maqhubu | Tekanyetso ea kamohelo |
| Botenya | XRF / microscope ea metallographic | Lintlha tse ≥3 ka papali ka sehlopha | Ho taka setšoantšo; ntlafatso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ≤10% |
| Bothata | Bothata ba HV0.1 micro | Hang ka shift | ≥500 HV (e koahetsoeng joalo ka ha e kentsoe); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Ho khomarela | Faele/kobeha/sehiloeng ka sefapano+theipi | Sekotwana se le seng ka sehlopha | Sehlopha ≤1, ha ho na ho peeling |
| Ponahalo | Leseli le bonahalang (leseli le tloaelehileng) | 100% | E khanyang ka tsela e tšoanang; ha e na liphoso |
| Spray ea letsoai | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Ka sehlopha/phetoho | Bohareng ba P ≥24 h; Holimo-P ≥72 h |
| Bongata ba phosphorus | EDS / lik'hemik'hale | Beke le beke / bate e ncha | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Tlhophiso ea Ponahalo
| Sehlopha | Tlhaloso |
| Sehlopha sa A | E tšoanang e khanyang/e khanyang hanyane, ha e na liphoso |
| Sehlopha sa B | Matshwao a metsi/a rack a manyane, ha ho na masoba/maqeba a tabohang |
| Sehlopha sa C | Ho fifala hanyane/phetoho ea 'mala, ts'ebetso e lokile |
| Hana | Ho phunya, ho petsola, ho tlola plating, ho chesa, phapang e kholo ea 'mala |
10. Ho rarolla mathata
| Bothata | Sesosa se ka bang teng | Tharollo |
| Ho se khomarele hantle | Ho tlosa mafura/ho a khella ho sa fellang; ho se ke ha etswa tshebetso ho lekaneng | Ntlafatsa kalafo pele ho nako; eketsa tshebetso |
| Ho phunya/ho rarahana | Likaroloana ka bateng; pH e phahameng ea marotholi | Ntlafatsa ho sefa (5 μm); pH e tlase |
| Seaparo se lerootho/se putsoa | Ni²⁺/hypophosphate e tlase; pH/thempereichara e tlase | Kenya lik'hemik'hale; pH 4.8–5.2; futhumatsa ho fihlela ho 88℃ |
| Tlola ho plating | Ho se sebetse ha lehae; oli/oxide e setseng | Ntlafatsa ts'ebetso; fokotsa mafura hape |
| Sekhahla se tlase sa ho beha | Mocheso o tlase/Ni²⁺/reducer; pH e fokotsehile; bate ea khale | Futhumatsa ho fihlela ho 88–90℃; lokisa pH; hlapa bocha |
| Ho bola ha bate | Ho futhumatsa ho feta tekano; pH e phahameng; ho eketsa ka potlako; mojaro o tlase | Emisa ho futhumatsa; pH e tlase; hlapa ka metsi a batang |
11. Polokeho
- • PPE: Liatlana tsa asiti/alkali, likhalase tsa mahlo, apron, respirator (ammonia/acid).
- • Polokelo ea lik'hemik'hale: Arola nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, li-acid, li-alkali; hole le lintho tse fokotsang mocheso/lifokotsang mocheso.
- • Lithibelo: U se ke ua kopanya conc. acid + hypophosphite (phosphine e chefo). Qhibilihisa lintho tse tiileng ka metsing a DI pele.
- • Phefumoloho: Mosi o tswang sebakeng seo o ka hodima ditanka (ho tloswa ha haeterojene).
- • Maemo a Tšohanyetso: Hlatsoa mahlo, shaoara, phofo e ommeng/setima-mollo sa CO₂, sesebelisoa sa ho hema, sesebelisoa sa ho qhala.
12. Tšireletso ea Tikoloho
- • Metsi a litšila: Metsi a litšila a arohane; pH ea precipitate ke 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Litšila tse kotsi: Bate e sebedisitsweng, difilthara, activator, Ni sludge – ho lahla ka laesense ka di-manifest.
- • Mesi e tswang: Ho kenya moya o tswelang pele; hlokomela ammonia/hydrogen ka GB 16297.
- • Matla/metsi: Koahela litanka ka mocheso; hlatsoa metsi a phallang hape; tlatsa metsi ka matla.
13. Sebopeho sa Bate (Phosphorus e Bohareng, Likarolo tse Akaretsang)
| Khemikhale | Ho tsepamisa maikutlo | Mosebetsi |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Letswai le ka sehloohong, mohloli oa Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Moemeli oa ho fokotsa, mohloli oa P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Moemeli ea rarahaneng |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | sesebelisoa sa pH |
| Asiti ea lactic/propionic | 5–10 mL/L | Sekgahla sa ho potlakisa |
| Sehatsetsi (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | E thibela ho bola |
Boelana:
1. Qhibilihisa NiSO₄, citrate, acetate ka metsing a 1/3 DI, 60℃.
2. Qhibilihisa hypophosphite + lactic acid ka 1/3 e 'ngoe.
3. Kopanya, tlatsa ho fihlela bophahamo ba pH bo fihla ho 4.8–5.2.
4. Kenya sehatsetsi, futhumatsa ho 88℃, sefe, poleiti ea teko.
14. Bokhoni ba Lisebelisoa le Tlhahlobo
14.1 Lisebelisoa tse ka Sehloohong
| Lisebelisoa | Tlhaloso |
| Tanka ea ho tšela | Taolo ea mocheso e nang le PP/PVC, e futhumelitsoeng |
| Sefe | Pompo e hanelang asiti + ntlo, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Taolo ea mocheso | PID, ±1℃ |
| Onto ea ho omisa | Moea o chesang, 60–120℃ |
| Sesepa sa Ultrasonic | 40 kHz, matla a fetolehang |
| Metsi a DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Lisebelisoa tsa Tlhahlobo
| Lisebelisoa | Ho nepahala/Tekanyetso |
| Botenya ba XRF | 0–200 μm, ± 0.1 μm |
| Ho thatafala ha Micro | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Kamore ea spray ea letsoai | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Microscope ea Metallographic | 100–1000×, micrometer |
| mithara ea pH | ± 0.02, puseletso ea mocheso |
| Tekanyo ea tlhahlobo | 0.01 g |
15. Litokomane le ho Latela Moralo
- •Rekoto ea tlhahiso:Nomoro ea karolo, bongata, mocheso, pH, nako, botenya, opereishene.
- •Lebokose la ho hlapela:Ni²⁺ ea letsatsi le letsatsi, hypophosphite, pH; litlatsetso; ho sefa/ho hloekisa.
- •Rekoto ea tlhahlobo:Botenya, ho thatafala, ho khomarela, ponahalo, spray ea letsoai.
- •Tlhokomelo:Ho lekanya, tlhokomelo ea pompo, ho theola sekala, ho hlahloba lifene (kotara le kotara).
Ho boloka:Lilemo tse ≥3 (≥lilemo tse ≥10 bakeng sa koloi/kalafo). E ka latelwa ho ya ho potoloho ya batch/bath.
16. Litokisetso tse Eketsehileng
- • E hlahlojwa selemo le selemo ke Lefapha la Botekgeniki.
- • Litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa bareki (spray ea letsoai, ho thatafala, kabo, H-embrittlement) li ngotsoe le ho lateloa.
- • Lihlahisoa tse ncha: Teko e nyane pele; tlhahiso e ngata kamora ho pasa liteko tsohle.
- • Bakeng sa taolo ea tlhahiso le tlhahlobo ea bareki.
Nalane ea Ntlafatso
| Moruti | Letsatsi | Dikahare tsa tlhahlobo | E amohetsoe ke |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Tokollo ea pele | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Phetolelo e felletseng ea Senyesemane feela | — |
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-18-2026