Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW ea ASTM A53 Kereiti ea B: Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso le Litlhaloso tsa Sehlahisoa

Tlhaloso e Khutšoanyane:

Womic Steel e fana ka phaephe ea tšepe ea boleng bo holimo ea ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW bakeng sa phetiso ea oli, khase, metsi le mouoane e nang le khatello e tlase ho isa bohareng, hammoho le lits'ebetso tsa sebopeho le tsa mechini. Grade B e fana ka matla a fokolang a tlhahiso ea 240 MPa (35,000 psi) le matla a fokolang a ho thaepa a 415 MPa (60,200 psi), e leng se etsang hore e be sehlopha sa phaephe se boletsoeng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa liphaephe tsa indasteri le tsa khoebo. Ts'ebetso ea LSAW e kenyelletsa mekhoa ea ho tjheseletsa ea JCOE, UOE, le rolled plate, e fanang ka seam e otlolohileng ea longitudinal e nang le boleng bo tsitsitseng le botsitso bo lekanang. Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa bophara kapa tse boima ba lebota (ho fihlela botenya ba lebota ba 60mm), Womic e sebelisa ho tjheseletsa ha plate le ho tjheseletsa ha arc e ka tlas'a metsi ka makhetlo a mangata. Bophara ba kantle ho tloha ho 219mm ho isa ho 1,422mm (8″ – 56″), botenya ba lebota ho tloha ho 5.0mm ho isa ho 60mm, bolelele ho fihlela ho 24m. Setifikeiti sa ho sila, teko ea metsi (ha ho hlokahale bakeng sa tšebeliso ea sebopeho), teko ea ultrasonic ea 100%, lipheletso tse betliloeng kapa tse se nang letho, le sekoahelo se thibelang mafome (FBE, 3LPE, epoxy) lia fumaneha. E loketse mela ea phepelo ea metsi, litsamaiso tsa moea o hatelitsoeng, kabo ea khase ea tlhaho e nang le khatello e tlase, liphaephe tsa tšireletso ea mollo, litšehetso tsa sebopeho, ho bokella liqubu le liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso ea indasteri.

Boholo ba Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW:Bophara ba Kantle: 219mm – 1,422mm (8″ – 56″), Botenya ba Lebota: 5.0mm – 60mm (JCOE/UOE max 50.8mm, poleiti e phutholohileng max 60mm), Bolelele: 6m – 18m e tloaelehileng, bolelele bo ikhethileng ho fihlela ho 24m

Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW e Tloaelehileng le ea Sehlopha:ASTM A53 Kereiti B; hape le ASTM A53 Kereiti A e fumaneha; e lekanang le ASTM A106 Kereiti B bakeng sa mocheso o phahameng (empa hlokomela hore A106 ha e na seamless); API 5L GR.B (e ts'oanang empa ha e ts'oane)

Tšebeliso ea Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW:Phetiso le kabo ea metsi a masepala, mela ea khase ea tlhaho e nang le khatello e tlase (ka tlase ho 2 MPa), litsamaiso tsa moea tse hatelletsoeng, li-reng tse kholo tsa tšireletso ea mollo, lipotoloho tsa metsi a pholileng a indasteri, lipalangoang tsa lerōle, litšiea tsa meaho le tšehetso, ho bokella meroalo e bobebe ho isa ho e itekanetseng, mela ea mouoane (khatello e tlase), phetiso ea oli (khatello e tlase), liphaephe tsa HVAC

Tšepe ea Womic e fanang ka litheko tsa boleng bo holimo le tse hlōlisanang tsa phala ea tšepe ea ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW, phaephe ea khabone e otlolohileng ea seam, phaephe ea JCOE A53 GR.B, phaephe ea mohala o nang le khatello e tlase, phaephe ea tšepe ea sebopeho. Setifikeiti sa mochini oa ho tjheseletsa EN 10204 3.1, Tlhahlobo ea weld ea UT, lipheletso tse betliloeng/tse se nang letho, sekoahelo se thibelang mafome sea fumaneha. Phepelo e tobileng ea fektheri bakeng sa merero ea indasteri, ea masepala le ea sebopeho lefatšeng ka bophara.


Qaqiso ea Sehlahisoa

Li-tag tsa Sehlahisoa

1. Tšepe ea Womic: Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso le Matla a Khamphani

Womic Steel Group e tsamaisa mela e mengata ea tlhahiso ea LSAW bakeng sa liphaephe tsa ASTM A53 Grade B. A53 Grade B ke e 'ngoe ea litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe ea khabone bakeng sa tšebeletso e akaretsang. Ts'ebetso ea LSAW e loketse bophara bo boholo bo fetang sebaka sa li-mill tsa ERW (hangata ERW e lekanyelitsoe ho 24″ kapa 610mm). Liphaephe tsa LSAW tsa Womic li fana ka mokhoa o mong o theko e tlaase ho feta phaephe e se nang moqhaka ka bophara bo boholo.

Mohala oa JCOE:Bakeng sa bophara ba 406mm – 1,422mm (16″–56″), botenya ba lebota bo fihla ho 50.8mm.

● Mola oa UOE:Bakeng sa bophara ba 508mm – 1,220mm (20″–48″), botenya ba lebota bo fihla ho 40mm.

● Poleiti e Menoang (Seam se le Seng):Bakeng sa bophara ba 600mm – 1,600mm (24″–63″), botenya ba lebota bo fihlang ho 60mm.

Bokgoni bohle ba LSAW bo feta ditone tse 300,000 ka selemo, ka tlhahiso ya A53 Grade B e fetang ditone tse 120,000 ka selemo. Womic Steel e na le ISO 9001, mme e ka fana ka tlhahlobo ya mokga wa boraro ke SGS, BV, TÜV. Rekoto ya lefatshe ka bophara mererong ya metsi a masepala, diindasteri le ya meaho.

Ho tenyetseha ha Tlhahiso bakeng sa Sehlopha sa A53 B:

● JCOE: 406–1,422mm OD × 5.0–50.8mm Boima × ≤ 18m

● UOE: 508–1,220mm OD × 5.0–40.0mm Boima × ≤ 24m

● Poleiti e phutholohileng: 600–1,600mm OD × 25–60mm Boima × ≤ 12m

Liphaephe li ka fanoa ka pente ea primer (epoxy e nang le zinki e ngata), galvanizing e chesang, kapa 3LPE/FBE ha ho kopuoa.

2. ASTM A53 Kereiti B: Sebopeho sa Thepa le Litšobotsi tsa Tshebetso

ASTM A53 Kereiti ya B ke kereiti ya tshepe ya khabone bakeng sa phaephe e welletsoeng le e se nang moedi. E akaretsa mefuta e meraro: Mofuta wa F (e welletsoeng ka setofo sa sebōpi), Mofuta wa E (e welletsoeng ka kganyetso ya motlakase – ERW), le Mofuta wa S (e se nang moedi). Bakeng sa diphaephe tsa LSAW, re bua ka Mofuta wa E kapa Mofuta wa S? LSAW ke welletsoe ka arc e kentsweng ka metsing, e sa kwahelwang ka ho hlaka ke A53, empa A53 e dumella ditshebetso tse ding tsa ho wellisa ha ho dumellanwa. Ha e le hantle, diphaephe tsa LSAW tsa Kereiti ya B ya A53 di a amohelwa bakeng sa tshebeletso ya mokelikeli wa sebopeho le wa kgatello e tlase ho latela thepa ya mechini.

Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale (max % ka boima ka ASTM A53, Kereiti ya B):

Karolo ASTM A53 Kereiti ea B (max %) Basali ba Tloaelehileng
C 0.30 0.20-0.25
Mn 1.20 0.80-1.10
P 0.050 ≤ 0.030
S 0.045 ≤ 0.025
Si Ha ea hlalosoa 0.15-0.35

Thepa ea Mekaniki (Mocheso oa Kamore ho latela ASTM A53):

Thepa ASTM A53 Kereiti B
Matla a Tekanyo (metsotso) 240 MPa (35,000 psi)
Matla a ho Tenyetseha (metsotso) 415 MPa (60,200 psi)
Ho lelefatsa (bonyane) – bakeng sa LSAW (moqomo o molelele) 21% (bakeng sa gauge ea 50mm)

Papiso le API 5L GR.B le A106 GR.B:

E tloaelehileng Sehlopha Tekanyo ea MPa MPa e tenyetsehang Kopo
ASTM A53 Sehlopha sa B 240 415 Tšebeletso e akaretsang, metsi, khase, meaho
API 5L GR.B 245 415 Phaephe ea mohala (e tšoanang, chai e phahameng hanyane)
ASTM A106 Sehlopha sa B 240 415 Mocheso o phahameng o se nang sekoli (thepa e tšoanang)

A53 Kereiti B ha e le hantle e lekana le API 5L GR.B le A106 Kereiti B ka thepa ea mechini, empa tekanyetso ka 'ngoe e na le tlhahlobo le ts'ebeliso e fapaneng.

3. Ho Latela Maemo le Litekanyetso tsa Tekanyo

Ntho Tlhaloso
E tloaelehileng ASTM A53 Kereiti B (Mofuta wa E – ERW, empa LSAW e amohetswe ka tumellano)
Mekhoa ea Tlhahiso JCOE, UOE, poleiti e phuthiloeng
Sebaka sa Bophara ba Kantle 219mm – 1,422mm (8″ – 56″)
Botenya ba Lebota 5.0mm – 60mm (JCOE/UOE max 50.8mm, poleiti e phutholohileng max 60mm)
Bolelele ba Nako E tloaelehileng: 6m, 12m, 18m; E atolositsoe: ho fihlela ho 24m
Qetello ea ho Qetela Qetello e se nang letho (PE), Qetello e Beveled (BE), e nang le khoele (ha ho kopuoa, boholo bo lekanyelitsoeng)
Qetello ea Bokaholimo E hlobotse (e tlotsitsoe ka oli), E ntšo, E koahetsoe ke primer, E kentsoe ka galvanized e chesang, 3LPE, FBE
Mamello (ASTM A53) OD: ±0.5% bakeng sa phaephe, ±0.75% bakeng sa phaephe; Boima: -0% / +15%; Bolelele: ±25mm bakeng sa ho seha ho tloaelehileng

4. Litekanyo le Litlhaloso tse Fumanehang – Pipe ea Tšepe ea ASTM A53 Kereiti ea B LSAW (Boholo bo Tloaelehileng bo Khethiloeng)

OD (mm) Dikgetho tsa WT (mm) Tshebetso Boima bo ka bang teng (kg/m2) Bolelele bo Tloaelehileng Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng
219 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 JCOE 26.4 – 51.5 12m Sehlohlolo sa metsi
273 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5 JCOE 39.5 – 80.1 12m / 18m Kabo ea khase
324 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0 JCOE 47.1 – 107.1 12m / 18m Ho pholisa indasteri
406 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0 JCOE/UOE 59.2 – 153.9 12m / 18m Tšireletso ea mollo
508 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0 UOE 98.6 – 240.7 12m / 18m / 24m Metsi a masepala
610 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0 UOE 148.0 – 360.7 12m / 18m / 24m Kholomo ea sebopeho
711 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0 JCOE/UOE 215.3 – 503.8 12m / 18m Moea o hatelitsoeng
813 14.0, 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0 JCOE 275.9 – 671.4 12m / 18m Ho bokella
914 16.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0 JCOE/E phutholohileng 354.4 – 862.0 12m Ts'ebetso ea indasteri
1,016 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0 E phutholohile 491.3 – 1,191.7 12m Meaho e boima
1,220 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0 E phutholohile 736.5 – 1,716.9 12m Sekepe se seholo sa metsi

Bakeng sa tšebeletso ea mokelikeli, tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic ea khothaletsoa empa ha se tlamo ho latela ASTM A53 bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsohle. Womic e ka etsa tlhahlobo ea hydrotest ha e kopuoa.

5. Maemo a Tloaelehileng le Likereiti – Phaephe ea Khatello e Tlase le ea Sebopeho

E tloaelehileng Likereiti tsa Tšepe Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng
ASTM A53 Sehlopha sa B Tšebeletso e akaretsang, metsi, khase, moea, mouoane
ASTM A106 Sehlopha sa B Mocheso o phahameng o se nang sekoli (thepa e tšoanang)
API 5L GR.B Phaephe ea mohala bakeng sa oli/khase/metsi
ASTM A500 Sehlopha sa B Liphaephe tsa sebopeho (khemistri e fapaneng hanyane)
EN 10219 S275JRH Likarolo tse se nang letho tsa sebopeho sa Europe

Kakaretso ea tšebeliso:Mehala ea metsi ea masepala, khase e nang le khatello e tlase, tšireletso ea mollo, moea o hatelletsoeng, metsi a pholileng, litšiea tsa meaho, ho bokella likhoele, liphaephe tsa indasteri.

6. Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahiso - LSAW bakeng sa Phaephe ea ASTM A53 Grade B

Bakeng sa Sehlopha sa A53 B, ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e ts'oana le liphaephe tse ling tsa LSAW empa ka litlhoko tse thata tsa tlhahlobo ho feta API 5L PSL2.

Mokhoa oa JCOE / UOE / Poleiti e Menoang (joalokaha ho hlalositsoe lihlahisoa tse fetileng):

● Tlhahlobo ea poleiti (lik'hemik'hale, ho thapolla)

● Ho sila ka bohale

● Ho theha JCO kapa UO

● Ho tjheseletsa ka SAW (ka hare le kantle)

● Katoloso ea mechine (ha ho hlokahale)

● Teko ea Ultrasonic (seam ea weld - letheba kapa 100% joalo ka ha ho boletsoe)

● Teko ea metsi (haeba ho hlokahala ka odara)

● Qetella ho qeta (e se nang letho kapa e bentsoeng)

● Ho koahela (haeba ho boletsoe)

Liphapang tsa bohlokoa ho tsoa ho API 5L:

● Ha ho na teko ea tšusumetso e tlamang (Charpy) ntle le haeba ho boletsoe

● Ha ho na teko ea ho thatafala e tlamang

● Litlhoko tse sa thata haholo tsa NDT (hangata lia amoheloa ka spot UT)

● Litšenyehelo tse tlase ka lebaka la mokhoa o bonolo oa liteko

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7. Mekhoa ea Taolo le Teko ea Boleng bakeng sa Phaephe ea Tšepe ea ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW

Sethaleng Mokhoa oa Tlhahlobo Morero
Poleiti Tlhahlobo ea Lik'hemik'hale Netefatsa C ≤ 0.30%, Mn ≤ 1.20%, P ≤ 0.050%, S ≤ 0.045%
Poleiti Teko ea ho Tenyetseha Netefatsa chai ≥ 240 MPa, ho thapolla ≥ 415 MPa
Ts'ebetsong Tekanyo Netefatsa hore o latela melao ea OD, WT
Sehokelo sa ho weld Teko ea Ultrasonic (letheba kapa 100% ka odara) Lemoha liphoso tsa ho tjheseletsa
Sehokelo sa ho weld Visual le/kapa MPI (ha ho hlokahale) Mapetso a holim'a metsi
Phaephe e felileng Teko ea Hydrostatic (ha ho hlokahale - ka odara) Botšepehi ba khatello
Phaephe e felileng Teko ea ho Batalatsa (bakeng sa ho tjheseletsa ha ho tjheseletsa) Ha ho mapetso
Phaephe e felileng Teko ea ho Koba e Tataisoang (ho tjheseletsa) Ho ductility ea ho tjheseletsa
Phaephe e felileng Pono le Tekanyo Bokaholimo, ho otloloha, ho tšoaea

Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa litšebeletso tsa metsi le khase, bareki ba bangata ba amohela tlhahlobo ea sebaka sa UT (10-20%) 'me ha ba na tlhahlobo ea hydrotest, ho itšetlehile ka setifikeiti sa fektheri.

8. Likopo tsa Motheo - Pipe ea Tšepe ea ASTM A53 Kereiti ea B LSAW

Phetisetso ea metsi ea masepala– Metsi a nooang, mela e tala ea metsi

● Kabo ea khase ea tlhaho e nang le khatello e tlase– Methapo ea peterole e fihlang ho 2 MPa

● Mekhoa ea tšireletso ea mollo– Mabota a motlakase a lifeme tsa indasteri

● Lipotoloho tsa metsi a pholileng tsa indasteri– Litsi tsa motlakase, lifeme

● Mekhoa ea moea e hatelletsoeng– Kabo ea moea oa limela

● Litšiea tsa sebopeho le tšehetso– Liforeimi tsa moaho, lirake tsa liphaephe

● Ho bokella meroalo e bobebe ho isa ho e mahareng– Liqubu tsa motheo

● Sepalangoang sa marotholi– Merafo le ho cheka (ha e senye)

● Methapo ea mouoane e nang le khatello e tlase– Litsamaiso tsa ho futhumatsa

● Phetiso ea oli (khatello e tlase)– Mela ea ho bokella

9. Pakete le Thomello – Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW ea ASTM A53 Grade B

Ho tšoana le sephutheloana se tloaelehileng sa LSAW. Bakeng sa liphaephe tse koahetsoeng ka galvanized, tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho qoba ho ngoapa. Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea mola oa metsi, ho khothaletsoa likheo tsa polyethylene ho thibela ho kena ha litšila.

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10. Melemo le Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa ka Tšepe ea Womic - Pipe ea Tšepe ea LSAW ea ASTM A53 Grade B

Hobaneng Womic Steel e le ea Sehlopha sa A53 B?

Bophara bo boholo ba LSAW ho fihlela ho 56″ – ho feta bokgoni ba ERW

Mokhoa o mong o theko e tlaase ho feta phaephe e se nang mohele

Phetoho e potlakileng (ka tloaelo matsatsi a 20-30)

Dikgetho tse tenyetsehang tsa ho roala (3LPE, FBE, galvanized, primer)

Tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro ea fumaneha

Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa:

P: Na ASTM A53 Kereiti B e loketse melapo ya metsi?
K: E, ke tekanyetso e tloaelehileng haholo bakeng sa phetiso le kabo ea metsi a masepala. Bakeng sa metsi a nooang, etsa bonnete ba hore ho koahela kapa ho kenya lesela ho loketse (ho khothaletsoa ho kenya lesela la epoxy). Bakeng sa metsi a tala kapa nosetso, phaephe e tloaelehileng ea amoheleha.

P: Na phaephe ea A53 Grade B LSAW e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa khase ea tlhaho?
K: E, bakeng sa kabo e tlase ea khatello (hangata e ka tlase ho 2 MPa). Bakeng sa khatello e phahameng, API 5L GR.B kapa X42 ea khothaletsoa. ​​Kamehla hlahloba likhoutu tsa lehae.

P: Phapang ke efe pakeng tsa ASTM A53 Kereiti B le API 5L GR.B?
A: Li na le thepa e batlang e tšoana ea mechini (tekanyo ea 240 MPa khahlanong le 245 MPa). API 5L e na le meeli e thata ea k'hemistri (P, S e tlase) le liteko tse matla haholoanyane bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa liphaephe tsa mohala. Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea metsi le ea sebopeho, A53 e lekane. Bakeng sa liphaephe tsa oli le khase, API 5L e khethoa.

P: Na A53 e hloka tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic?
A: ASTM A53 e hloka tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic bakeng sa phaephe e se nang moqhaka (Mofuta oa S) le bakeng sa phaephe ea ERW (Mofuta oa E) ha e hlalositsoe. Bakeng sa liphaephe tsa LSAW tse entsoeng ho A53, tlhahlobo ea hydro hangata e etsoa feela haeba taelo e hlalositse. Litšebeliso tse ngata tsa metsi a sebopeho le a khatello e tlase ha li amohele tlhahlobo ea hydro.

P: Na o ka fana ka A53 Grade B ka galvanizing e chesang?
K: E. Re fana ka galvanizing e chesang ho latela ASTM A123. Bolelele bo boholo ba 12.5m. Bakeng sa liphaephe tse telele, re khothaletsa galvanizing ea likarolo kapa pente ea primer.

P: Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho etella pele phaephe ea A53 Grade B LSAW ke efe?
A: Matsatsi a 20-30 bakeng sa boholo bo tloaelehileng. Bakeng sa bophara bo boholo kapa lebota le boima, matsatsi a 35-45.

Tšupiso ea Morero - Setsi se Seholo sa Phetisetso ea Metsi sa Masepala oa Texas (USA)

Naha:United States (Texas, sebaka sa Houston)
Maemo le Kereiti:ASTM A53 Kereiti B (Mofuta E – LSAW)
Litekanyo le Bongata:

OD 914mm (36″) × Boima 9.5mm – 24,000 metres (hoo e ka bang lithane tse 5,400) – JCOE

OD 1,067mm (42″) × Boima 10.0mm – 18,000 metres (hoo e ka bang lithane tse 4,700) – poleiti e phutholohileng
Kakaretso:Limithara tse 42,000 (42 km), hoo e ka bang lithane tse 10,100

Litlhaloso:Lipheletso tse se nang letho tse nang le mokoti oa rabara oa gasket, sekoahelo sa kantle sa 3LPE (2.5mm), lesela la epoxy la kahare (400 microns) bakeng sa metsi a nooang. Teko ea ho batalla, teko ea ho kobeha e tataisoang, 100% UT ea seam ea weld. Ha ho teko ea hydrostatic (teko ea NDT ea fektheri e amoheloang ke moreki hammoho le teko ea khatello ea tšimo). Tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro ke SGS USA.

Kopo:Phetisetso e kgolo ya metsi a tala ho tloha Letšeng la Houston ho ya setsing se secha sa kalafo ya metsi, se sebeletsang sebaka se ntseng se hola sa toropo ka leboya ho Houston. Kgatelelo ya tshebetso ke 0.8 MPa. Mobu: letsopa le lehlabathe tse nang le bokgoni bo mahareng ba ho bola.

Liphephetso tsa Tekheniki le Litharollo:

Lesela la ka hare la metsi a nooang:Lesela la epoxy (400 microns) le fetile NSF/ANSI 61.

Seaparo sa kantle sa 3LPE bakeng sa mobu o senyang:3LPE e nang le primer ea FBE, ho lemoha matsatsi a phomolo ho 5kV ntle le ho hloleha. Matla a ho hlohlora ho 25°C: 220 N/cm.

Li-gasket tsa rabara (kopano ea tšimo):Mamello ea OD ±0.3% e fihlelletsoe (0.2-0.3%) ea 'nete.

Thepa ea thepa ho ea libakeng tse ngata tsa kaho:Thomello e etsahala ka nako e nepahetseng ka likhoeli tse 4.

● Sephetho:Phaephe e kentswe tshebetsong kotareng ya bobedi ya 2024. Teko ya kgatello e fetile ka 1.2 MPa. Ha ho a dutla metsi kamora dikgwedi tse 6. Moreki o odarile 25 km e eketsehileng bakeng sa Mokgahlelo wa 2.

Ikopanye le rona:
Webosaete: www.womicsteel.com
Imeile: sales@womicsteel.com

Mohala / WhatsApp / WeChat:
Victor: +86 15575100681
Jack: +86 18390957568

Tšepe ea Womic – Molekane oa hau ea tšepahalang bakeng sa liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A53 Grade B LSAW bakeng sa phetiso ea metsi, kabo ea khase, tšireletso ea mollo le lits'ebetso tsa meaho lefatšeng ka bophara.