1. Tšepe ea Womic: Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso le Matla a Khamphani
Womic Steel Group ke moetsi ea ka sehloohong le morekisi oa kantle ho naha ea nang le boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse fetang 20 ba ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa tšepe e sa hloekang ka khabone, motsoako le tšepe e sa hloekang. Setsi sa rona sa tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa SSAW sa sejoale-joale se akaretsa bokhoni bo felletseng ba tlhahiso bo fetang lithane tse 15,000 ka khoeli bakeng sa liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse phuthetsoeng ka arc tse koahetsoeng ka hare ho spiral, tse sebeletsang merero ea motheo oa leoatle, lebōpong la leoatle le tebileng lefatšeng ka bophara.
Boholo ba Tlhahiso bakeng sa Phaephe ea Tšepe ea SSAW:Bophara ba kantle ho tloha ho 508mm ho isa ho 3,000mm (20 inches ho isa ho 120 inches) bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea SSAW. Botenya ba lebota ho tloha ho 6.0mm ho isa ho 25.4mm. Bolelele bo le bong ho tloha ho 6m ho isa ho 18m bo tloaelehileng, ka bolelele bo ikhethileng ho fihlela ho 60m bo fumanehang bakeng sa merero ea motheo o tebileng.
Litifikeiti tsa Boleng le ho Latela Melao:
Setifikeiti sa ISO 9001:2015:Sistimi ea Tsamaiso ea Boleng bakeng sa ho bokella lits'ebetso tsa tlhahiso ea liphaephe le taolo ea boleng, ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng ba sehlahisoa le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele mesebetsing eohle ea tlhahiso.
Laesense ea Monogram ea API 5L / API 2B:Womic Steel e na le laesense ea API 5L bakeng sa tlhahiso ea Line Pipe le laesense ea API 2B bakeng sa Structural Steel Pipe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa leoatleng. API Monogram e emela boitlamo ba rona ho maemo a holimo a indasteri bakeng sa liphaephe tsa ho bokella lipeipi tsa meaho tse lebōpong la leoatle. Litlhahlobo tsa kamehla tsa API li netefatsa ho latela litlhoko tse hlalositsoeng khafetsa.
Ho Tšoaea CE (PED 2014/68/EU):Liphaephe tsa rona tsa ho bokella li latela Tataiso ea Lisebelisoa tsa Khatello ea Europe (PED) 2014/68/EU. Letšoao la CE lea fumaneha ha ho kopuoa ho nolofatsa ho tlosoa ha lekgetho le ho amoheloa ha projeke ka har'a Sebaka sa Moruo sa Europe (EEA). Phatlalatso ea Ts'ebetso (DoP) e fanoe bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa EN.
Setifikeiti sa EN 10204 3.2:Ntle le Litifikeiti tsa Teko tsa Mill tse tloaelehileng tsa 2.2 le 3.1, re fana ka lihlahisoa tse nang le Setifikeiti sa Tlhahlobo sa 3.2, se netefalitsoeng ke mekhatlo ea batho ba bang e lumelletsoeng ke EU (TÜV, LR, BV, SGS) bakeng sa merero ea bohlokoa ea likepe le ea motheo e hlokang ho latelwa ka botlalo ha thepa le netefatso e ikemetseng.
Litumello tsa Tlhahlobo ea Mokha oa Boraro (TPI):Lihlahisoa tsa rona le lits'ebetso tsa tlhahiso lia amoheloa le ho hlahlojoa ke mekhatlo e meholo ea machaba le Mekhatlo ea ho Arola ho kenyeletsoa SGS, BV, ABS, LR, DNV, GL, le TÜV. Litumello tsena li bonts'a bokhoni ba rona ba ho fana ka liphaephe tsa ho bokella bakeng sa merero ea likepe le ea leoatle e laoloang ke sechaba ea ho arola.
Litifikeiti tse ling lia fumaneha:
ISO 14001:2015(Sistimi ea Tsamaiso ea Tikoloho) -- E ikemiselitse mekhoa ea tlhahiso e tsitsitseng
ISO 45001:2018(Sistimi ea Tsamaiso ea Bophelo bo Botle le Polokeho Mosebetsing) -- Ho netefatsa tikoloho e sireletsehileng ea mosebetsi
FPC (Taolo ea Tlhahiso ea Fektheri)ho ya ka EN 10248 / EN 10219 -- Phatlalatso ya ho latela ho tshwaya ha CE
NORSOK M-650(Tekanyetso ea Norway bakeng sa thepa ea tšepe) -- E fumaneha bakeng sa merero ea Leoatle le ka Leboea le lebōpong la leoatle
Kananelo ea Lefatše ka Bophara:Womic Steel ke mofani ea tšepahalang oa likonteraka tsa lefats'e tsa EPC, balaoli ba likou, lifeme tsa boenjiniere ba likepe le likonteraka tsa motheo, tse sebeletsang linaha tse fetang 80 ho pholletsa le Asia Boroa-bochabela, Europe, Bochabela bo Hare, Afrika le Amerika.
2. ASTM A252 GR.3: Sebopeho sa thepa le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso
ASTM A252 GR.3ke tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea Amerika bakeng sa liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse lahletsoeng le tse se nang sekoli. Lebitso la "GR.3" le bontša Sehlopha sa 3, se nang le tlhoko e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea matla har'a lihlopha tse tharo tsa ASTM A252 (GR.1, GR.2, GR.3). Sehlopha sa 3 se fana ka matla a bonyane a tlhahiso ea 345 MPa (50,000 psi), e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e ratoang bakeng sa motheo o tebileng, ho bokella liqubu tsa leoatleng, le lits'ebetso tse boima tsa ho jara moroalo moo ho hlokahalang botšepehi bo phahameng ba sebopeho.
ASTM A252 GR.3 e etselitsoe ka ho khetheha lits'ebetso tsa ho bokella liqubu, e fana ka ho tjheseletsa ho babatsehang bakeng sa ho kopanya masimo, ho tiea ho hotle ha mocheso o tlase bakeng sa tikoloho ea leoatle, le ho se thekesele ho lekaneng ho mamella khatello ea ho khanna nakong ea ho kenngoa ha liqubu. Ha ho bapisoa le limaraka tse tloaelehileng tsa sebopeho joalo ka A36, sehlopha sena sa ho bokella liqubu se fana ka bokhoni bo phahameng haholo ba ho jara moroalo, bo lumellang botebo bo tebileng ba ho khanna le bongata bo fokotsehileng ba liqubu.
Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale (Tlhahlobo ea Lesela, % ka boima):
| Karolo | ASTM A252 GR.3 (Boholo %) |
| C | 0.26 |
| Mn | 1.35 |
| P | 0.040 |
| S | 0.050 |
| Si | --- |
| Cu | --- |
Ela Hloko: ASTM A252 GR.3 e etselitsoe lits'ebetso tsa ho bokella ka mokhoa o bonolo ho mamella khatello ea ho khanna ntle le ho petsoha. Se lekanang le khabone (CEV) hangata se laoloa ho netefatsa hore ho na le bokhoni bo botle ba ho kopanya liqubu.
Thepa ea Mekaniki (Mocheso oa Kamore):
| Thepa | ASTM A252 GR.3 |
| Matla a Tekanyo (metsotso) | 345 MPa (50,000 psi) |
| Matla a ho Tenyetseha (metsotso) | 455 MPa (66,000 psi) |
| Ho lelefatsa (metsotso) | 20% (bakeng sa gauge ea 50mm) |
| Matla a Tšusumetso | Ha e a totobatsoa (ha ho hlokahale) |
*Hlokomela: Bakeng sa ditshebediso tsa lewatle tse hlokang ho tiya ha tshusumetso mochesong o tlase, diteko tse eketsehileng tsa tshusumetso di ka hlaloswa e le tlhoko ya boikgethelo. Teko ya tshusumetso ho 0°C, -20°C, kapa -40°C e fumaneha ha ho kopuwa.*
Papiso ea Mekhahlelo ea Liphaephe tsa ASTM A252:
| Sehlopha | Matla a Tlhahiso (MPa) | Matla a ho Tenyetseha (MPa) | Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng |
| GR.1 | 205 | 345 | Motheo o bobebe, ho bokellana ho sa tebang |
| GR.2 | 240 | 415 | Moroalo o itekanetseng, motheo oa kaho |
| GR.3 | 345 | 455 | Moroalo o boima, oa leoatleng, motheo o tebileng |
Ela Hloko: Bakeng sa merero ea likepe e hlokang khatello e phahameng ea ho khanna le ho kenella ka botebo, ASTM A252 GR.3 ke sehlopha se khothaletsoang.
3. Ho Latela Maemo le Litekanyetso tsa Tekanyo
Womic Steel e fana ka liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW tse nang le boholo bo boholo, li lumellana ka botlalo le ASTM A252 le maemo a machaba a amanang le tsona. Ts'ebetso ea SSAW (Spiral Submerged Arc Welded) e loketse lits'ebetso tsa ho bokella liphaephe tse bophara bo boholo.
| Ntho | Tlhaloso |
| E tloaelehileng | ASTM A252 (GR.1, GR.2, GR.3) |
| Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso | SSAW (Sekoahelo se Koahetsoeng ka Lehlakoreng le Itšetseng ka Lehlakoreng le Leholo) - 508mm-3,000mm OD |
| Sebaka sa Bophara ba Kantle | 508mm – 3,000mm (20" – 120") |
| Botenya ba Lebota | 6.0mm – 25.4mm |
| Bolelele ba Nako | E tloaelehileng: 6m, 12m, 18m / E ikgethileng: ho fihlela ho 60m |
| Qetello ea ho Qetela | Qetello e se nang letho (PE) / Qetello e Beveled (BE) ka masale a tšepe a sehlabelo a boikhethelo |
| Qetello ea Bokaholimo | E hlobotse / E tlotsitsoe ka oli / E koahetsoeng ka botšo / 3PE / FBE / Epoxy ea Sekontiri sa Mashala |
| Mamello | OD: ±1.0% / Boima: -0% +15% (ASTM) / Bolelele: +50mm -0mm |
4. Litekanyo le Litlhaloso tse Fumanehang - ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Steel Pile
Phaephe ea ho Kenya SSAW (508mm – 3,000mm OD)
| OD (mm) | Dikgetho tsa Botenya ba Lebota (mm) | Boima (kg/m2) | Bolelele bo Tloaelehileng |
| 508 – 610 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 74.3 – 360.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 610 – 762 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 89.4 – 454.3 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 762 – 914 | 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 111.9 – 548.2 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 914 – 1,067 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 178.7 – 642.4 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,067 – 1,220 | 8.0, 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 209.0 – 736.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,220 – 1,422 | 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 298.4 – 859.8 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,422 – 1,625 | 10.0, 12.5, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 348.2 – 986.5 | 6m / 12m / 18m / 24m |
| 1,625 – 2,000 | 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 477.1 – 1,217.4 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 2,000 – 2,500 | 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 588.5 – 1,527.2 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
| 2,500 – 3,000 | 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0 | 736.5 – 1,841.7 | 6m / 12m / 18m |
Ela Hloko: Litekanyo tse ikhethileng ka ntle ho mefuta ena lia fumaneha ha ho kopuoa. Bophara bo boholo (ho fihlela ho 3,500mm / 138") boa fumaneha bakeng sa merero e ikhethileng.
5. Melao e Tloaelehileng ea Piling Piling, Marine & Foundation Standards e Entsoeng ke Womic Steel
| E tloaelehileng | Likereiti tsa Tšepe | Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng |
| Maemo a ho Bokella a ASTM | ||
| ASTM A252 | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 | Liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe bakeng sa motheo o tebileng, ho bokellana ha likepe |
| ASTM A500 | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Liphaephe tse chitja/tse sekoere tsa sebopeho bakeng sa ho bokella le ho tiisa |
| ASTM A501 | GR.A, GR.B | Liphaephe tsa sebopeho se chesang bakeng sa ho bokella |
| ASTM A690 | Sehlopha sa Mariner | Ho bokella tšepe e hanelang ho bola metsing a leoatle |
| ASTM A572 | GR.42, GR.50, GR.60, GR.65 | Ho bokella meaho e nang le motsoako o tlase o matla haholo |
| ASTM A588 | GR.A, GR.B, GR.C | Ho bokella tšepe e benyang, motheo oa borokho |
| Maemo a ho Laola a EN | ||
| EN 10248 | S235GP, S275GP, S355GP | Ho bokella masela a tšepe a phuthoang ka mocheso le ho bokella liphaephe |
| EN 10219 | S235JRH, S275JRH, S355JRH, S355J2H | Likarolo tse se nang letho tsa sebopeho tse entsoeng ka thapo tse batang bakeng sa ho bokella |
| EN 10025 | S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, S355J2 | Tšepe ea mohaho e phuthoang ka mocheso bakeng sa ho bokella liqubu le tšebeliso ea likepe |
| Maemo a API | ||
| API 5L | GR.B, X42, X52, X65, X70 | Phaephe ea mohala e sebelisoang e le ho bokella (e tloaelehileng lebōpong la leoatle) |
| API 2B | GR.42, GR.50, GR.60 | Ho bokella liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa meaho kantle ho naha |
| Maemo a JIS | ||
| JIS A5525 | SKK400, SKK490, SKK540 | Liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe bakeng sa mehaho ea boema-kepe le ea likepe |
| JIS G3444 | STK290, STK400, STK490, STK540 | Liphaephe tsa tšepe ea carbon bakeng sa ho bokella liqubu tsa meaho |
Tšebeliso:Ho bokella metheo e tebileng, ho bokella likepe tsa metsing, motheo oa sethala sa lebopong la leoatle, kaho ea boema-kepe le boema-kepe, motheo oa borokho, tšireletso ea lebopong, thibelo ea metsi, sistimi ea fender, qubu ea jakete, kaho ea kou le kou, tokiso ea mobu, koetliso ea noka, boenjiniere ba kotopo, kaho ea kou ea metsi a tebileng, motheo oa ho lokisa litšisinyeho tsa lefatše, mabota a ho boloka, li-cofferdams, metheo ea caisson, metheo ea turbine ea moea ea lebopong la leoatle
6. Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahiso - Phaephe ea Tšepe ea SSAW (Spiral Submerged Arc Welded)
Mokhoa oa ho Hlahisa oa SSAW bakeng sa Phaephe ea ho Kenya (508mm - 3,000mm OD):
Tlhahlobo ea Lisebelisoa tse Tala (Coil):Likhoele tsa tšepe tse phutholohileng tse tlang li netefalitsoe bakeng sa sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, thepa ea mechini, le boleng ba bokaholimo khahlanong le ASTM A252 kapa litlhaloso tsa bareki. Khoele ka 'ngoe e abeloa nomoro e ikhethang ea mocheso ho netefatsa hore thepa e sala morao ka botlalo nakong eohle ea tlhahiso.
Ho phutholla le ho batalatsa:Likhoele tsa tšepe li kenngoa holim'a sesebelisoa sa ho uncoiler 'me li fepeloa ka mochini o lekanyang ka nepo ho batalatsa moqolo, ho tlosa sete ea khoele le ho netefatsa hore e bataletse ka ho lekana bakeng sa ho theha spiral ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng.
Ho Sila le ho Seha Edge:Mathoko ka bobedi a malelele a lehare la tshepe a silwa mme a sehwa ho fihlela a mamellana ka bophara bo nepahetseng (± 0.5mm). Tokisetso ya mathoko e etsa bokahodimo bo hlwekileng, bo bapileng bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho thehwa ha weld ya boleng bo hodimo.
Ho Theha Spiral:Moqomo o bataladitsweng o fepuoa ka hara mochini o etsang spiral ka sekhutlo sa helix se laolwang. Moqomo o tswela pele ho bopjwa ka sebopeho sa spiral cylindrical, ka mathoko a lebane bakeng sa ho tjheseletsa. Sekhutlo sa helix se ka fetolwa ho fihlella bophara bo fapaneng ho tloha bophara bo tshwanang ba coil.
Ho Welsha ka Arc e Keneng ka Hare (SAW):Morumo o ka hare o tjheselletswa pele ho sebediswa disebediswa tsa ho tjheseletsa tsa arc tse kentsweng ka boiketsetso ka motswako o loketseng wa flux le terata. Hlooho ya ho tjheseletsa e bewa ka hare ho phaephe ho netefatsa ho kenella hantle.
Ho Welsha ka Arc e Kenelletseng ka Ntle (SAW):Sekoahelo sa kantle se spiral se tjheselletswa hang ka mora ho tjheseletsa ka hare, ho sebediswa disebediswa tsa ho tjheseletsa ka hara arc tse iketsang. Sekoahelo sa kantle se phethela tjheseletso e feletseng ya ho kenella mme se fana ka matla a eketsehileng.
Ho Seha ho fihlela Bolelele:Phaephe e tjheseditsweng ka sekoting e sa kgaotseng e kgaolwa ka bolelele bo boletsweng ho sebediswa ditsamaiso tsa ho seha plasma kapa oksijene ka boiketsetso ka taolo ya bolelele (+50mm -0mm bakeng sa ditlhaloso tsa ho bokella).
Teko e sa Senyeheng (NDT):
Teko ea Ultrasonic ea 100% (UT):Sistimi ea UT e iketsang e hlahloba seam eohle ea weld ea spiral le 'mele o felletseng oa phaephe bakeng sa li-lamination, lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng, khaello ea ho kopana, le litšitiso tse ling.
Teko ea X-ray (RT):Tlhahlobo ea X-ray kapa gamma-ray ea seam ea weld (letheba kapa bolelele bo felletseng joalo ka ha ho boletsoe) ho netefatsa boleng ba weld le ho kenella.
Tlhahlobo ea Likaroloana tsa Magnetic (MPI):Tlhahlobo ea menoana ea maoto e tšetsoeng ka weld le sebaka se amehileng ke mocheso bakeng sa mapetso a bokaholimo le ho se tsoele pele.
Teko ea Hydrostatic (Boikhethelo):E fumaneha ha moreki a kopa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa ho bokella liphutheloana tse hlokang netefatso ea botšepehi ba khatello.
Qetella Qetello:Lipheletso tse se nang letho (tse sekoere se sehiloeng) kapa lipheletso tse betlilweng (sekhutlo sa bevel sa 30°-35°) ho latela tlhaloso ea moreki. Masale a tšepe a sehlabelo a ka kopanngoa lipheletsong tsa liphaephe bakeng sa tšireletso e eketsehileng nakong ea ho khanna liqubu.
Tlhahlobo ea ho Qetela le ho Tšoaea:Tlhahlobo ea pono bakeng sa liphoso tsa bokaholimo, netefatso ea litekanyo (OD, WT, bolelele, ho otloloha, ho chitja), le matšoao a sa feleng ho latela ASTM A252 (ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha, boholo, nomoro ea mocheso, boitsebahatso ba moetsi).
Melemo ea Ts'ebetso ea SSAW bakeng sa Phaephe ea ho Kenya:
1. Bokhoni ba ho hlahisa bophara bo boholo haholo (ho fihlela ho 3,000mm+) ho tsoa ho likhoele tse tloaelehileng tsa bophara
2. Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea tlhahiso bakeng sa katleho e phahameng
3. E theko e tlaase bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho bokella liqubu tse kholo
4. Botsitso bo botle ba tekanyo le ho potoloha bakeng sa ho khanna
7. Mekhoa ea Taolo le Teko ea Boleng bakeng sa Phaephe ea ho Lula ea SSAW
| Sethaleng | Mokhoa oa Tlhahlobo | Morero |
| Lisebelisoa tse tala (Coil) | Tlhahlobo ea Lik'hemik'hale (OES Spectrometer) | Netefatsa ho latela meeli ea sebopeho sa ASTM A252 |
| Lisebelisoa tse tala (Coil) | Teko ea ho Tenyetseha | Netefatsa matla a tlhahiso, matla a ho tsikinyeha, le bolelele |
| Lisebelisoa tse tala (Coil) | Teko ea Ultrasonic | Lemoha li-lamination le likoli tsa ka hare |
| Ts'ebetsong | Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyo (Micrometer) | Hlokomela OD, WT nakong ea ho thehoa ha spiral |
| Ts'ebetsong | Tlhahlobo ea Litokisetso tsa Moeli | Netefatsa boemo ba moeli le ho otloloha |
| Sebaka sa ho Weld | Teko ea Ultrasonic (UT) - Inthaneteng | Lemoha ho se tsitse ha weld, ho hloka ho kopanngoa |
| Sebaka sa ho Weld | Teko ea X-ray (RT) | Netefatsa ho kenella ha weld, masoba, ho kenyelletsoa ha slag |
| Sebaka sa ho Weld | Tlhahlobo ea Likaroloana tsa Magnetic (MPI) | Ho lemoha mapetso a bokaholimo (ho tjheseletsa le HAZ) |
| Phaephe e felileng | Tlhahlobo ea litekanyo | Netefatsa OD, WT, bolelele, ho otloloha, ho chitja |
| Phaephe e felileng | Teko ea Hydrostatic (Boikhethelo) | Netefatsa botšepehi ba khatello bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa |
| Phaephe e felileng | Teko ea Kobeho e Tataisoang | Netefatsa ho ductility le ho hlaka ha weld |
| Phaephe e felileng | Teko ea ho Batalatsa | Netefatsa ho ductility le molumo oa 'mele oa phaephe |
| Phaephe e felileng | Teko ea Tšusumetso ea Charpy V-Notch (Boikhethelo) | Netefatsa ho tiea ha mocheso o tlase bakeng sa tšebeliso ea metsing |
| Phaephe e felileng | Teko ea ho tiea (Ha ho hlokahale) | Netefatsa boima bo boholo bakeng sa ho tjheseletsa |
| Phaephe e felileng | Tlhahlobo ea Pono le ea Bokaholimo | Hlahloba liphoso tsa bokaholimo, li-lamination, mapetso |
| Phaephe e felileng | Netefatso ea ho tšoaea | Netefatsa hore ho na le letšoao la kamehla ho latela maemo a tloaelehileng |
Liteko tsa Boikhethelo bakeng sa Likopo tsa Bohlokoa tsa Leoatle le tsa Offshore:
● Teko ea CTOD (Ho Furalla Ntlha ea ho Bula) bakeng sa ho tiea ha ho robeha
● Teko ea HIC (Hydrogen Induced Peaking) ho latela NACE TM0284
● Teko ea SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking) ho latela NACE TM0177
● Teko ea Tšusumetso ea mocheso o tlase ho -20°C, -40°C, kapa -60°C
● Teko ea ho tiea (HV10 kapa HRC) bakeng sa ho tšoaneleha bakeng sa tšebeletso e bolila
Litokomane tsa Boleng:
● Setifikeiti sa Teko ea Mill ho latela EN 10204 Mofuta oa 2.2, 3.1, kapa 3.2
● Tlaleho ea Teko ea Ultrasonic (ho tjheseletsa le 'mele)
● Tlaleho ea Teko ea X-ray (haeba e hlalositsoe)
● Tlaleho ea Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyo
● Ho sala morao ho tloha palong ea mocheso ho ea phaepheng e felileng
8. Litšebeliso tsa Motheo - ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Steel Pile
Lipilara tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa metheong e tebileng, kaho ea likepe le merero e boima ea boenjiniere ba sechaba:
Ho bokella motheo o tebileng:Liqubu tse jarang mojaro bakeng sa mehaho e melelele, marokho, mehaho ea indasteri le mehaho e boima e hlokang tšehetso e tebileng ea motheo. Matla a phahameng a GR.3 a lumella botebo bo tebileng ba ho khanna le bokhoni bo phahameng ba mojaro.
Motheo oa Sethala sa Marine le Offshore:Liqubu tsa motheo bakeng sa liforomo tsa oli le khase tse lebōpong la leoatle, li-rig tsa ho cheka, liforomo tsa tlhahiso, le liforomo tsa turbine ea moea tse lebōpong la leoatle. Ho bokella liqubu tsa leoatleng ho tlameha ho mamella ts'ebetso ea maqhubu, matla a hona joale, le tikoloho ea metsi a leoatle a senyang.
Kaho ea Boema-kepe, Kou le Kou:Ho bokella lipehelo bakeng sa li-terminal tsa lijana, likou tsa thepa e ngata, lipehelo tsa bapalami, libaka tsa Ro-Ro, le likepe tsa thepa tse akaretsang. Lipehelo li fana ka tšehetso ea sebopeho bakeng sa meaho ea li-deck, li-dolphin tse hokelang le li-dolphin tse anyesang.
Motheo oa Borokho le Pier:Liqubu tse tebileng tsa motheo bakeng sa lipier tsa borokho, li-abutment, le metheo ea litora bakeng sa marokho a emisitsoeng ka thapo le a leketlileng. Liqubu li fetisetsa meroalo ea meaho ho ea maemong a loketseng a ho jara.
Tšireletso ea Lebōpo la Leoatle le Lebota la Leoatle:Ho bokella meaho ea mabota a leoatle, litšiea tsa lebopong, tšireletso ea lebopong, le taolo ea khoholeho ea mobu. Liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe li fana ka tšehetso e matla ea meaho bakeng sa li-unit tsa lihlomo le meaho ea likheo tsa konkreite.
Kaho ea Breakwater le Jetty:Ho bokella metheo ea lithako tsa metsi a thibileng lithakong, lithako tsa metsi tse otlolohileng maboteng, li-jetties le li-groyne. Lithako li fana ka botsitso ba motheo bakeng sa meaho e qhalang maqhubu.
Tšehetso ea Sistimi ea Fender:Liqubu tse tšehetsang litsamaiso tsa fender tsa leoatleng lifahlehong tsa boema-kepe le mehahong ea ho emisa. Liqubu li monya matla a ho emisa 'me li sireletsa sekepe le sebopeho nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho emisa.
Qhobosheane ea Jakete bakeng sa Sethala sa Oli le Khase:Ho bokella meaho ea jase e tšehetsang liforomo tsa tlhahiso ea oli le khase. Liqubu tse kholo tse bophara bo boholo, tse teteaneng li khannoa maotong a jase ebe li korotloa sebakeng sa tsona.
Nchafatso le Tokiso ea Mobu Lebota la Leoatle:Ho bokella meaho e thibelang sebaka sa ho tsosolosoa ha mobu, mabota a lewatle a potolohang, le meedi ya ho tsosolosoa ha mobu. Meqomo e fana ka botsitso ba sebopeho bakeng sa merero ya katoloso ya mobu.
Koetliso ea Noka le Taolo ea Likhohola:Ho bokella liqubu bakeng sa tšireletso ea lebopong la noka, ho tataisa mabōpo, li-spurs le mehaho ea taolo ea likhohola. Liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe li tsitsisa mabōpo a noka le ho li sireletsa khahlanong le ho senngoa le khoholeho ea mobu.
Boenjiniere ba Kotopo le ho Seha le ho Koahela:Ho bokella metheo ea kotopo e sehiloeng le e koahetsoeng, mabota a sekhukhu a liqubu, le meaho ea tšehetso ea portal ea kotopo. Liqubu li fana ka tšehetso e otlolohileng le e ka thoko bakeng sa meaho e ka tlas'a lefatše.
Mokhatlo oa Tšisinyeho ea Lefatše:Ho bokella bakeng sa ntlafatso ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tsa meaho e seng e ntse e le teng, ho kenyeletsoa metheo ea borokho, metheo ea meaho, le meaho ea kou e hlokang ho hanela litšisinyeho tsa lefatše ka matla.
9. Pakete le Thomello - ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Pile ea Tšepe
Liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW li phutheloa 'me li romelloa ka hloko e kholo ho netefatsa tšireletso ea tsona nakong ea ho tsamaisoa. Tlhaloso ea mokhoa oa ho paka le ho romella liphaephe tsa SSAW tse bophara bo boholo ke ena:
Sephutheloana:
Sekoahelo se Sireletsang:Pele ho pakoa, liphaephe li ka 'na tsa koaheloa ka lera le lesesaane la oli e thibelang mafome kapa varnish e sireletsang ho thibela mafome a holim'a metsi le ho oxidation nakong ea polokelo le phetisetso. Qetello e hlobotseng e boetse e fumaneha bakeng sa ho sebelisoa hang-hang ha ho koaheloa moo ho eang teng kapa bakeng sa libaka tsa leoatle moo ho behiloeng tumello ea mafome.
Ho kopanya (Bophara bo Bonyenyane):Bakeng sa liphaephe tse nyane tse bophara (hangata tse ka tlase ho 610mm / 24"), liphaephe li kopanngoa hammoho ka liphutheloana tse nang le mahlakore a tšeletseng kapa a khutlonnetsepa. Li tiisitsoe ka ho sebelisa likhoele tsa tšepe (hangata likhoele tse 3-5 ka sephutheloana ka seng tse nang le litšireletso tsa sekhutlo) ho thibela motsamao ka har'a sephutheloana.
Ho bokellana ka bonngoe (Bophara bo boholo):Bakeng sa liphaephe tse bophara bo boholo (tse fetang 610mm / 24"), hangata liphaephe li tšoaroa le ho romelloa ka bonngoe ka lebaka la boima le litekanyo tse itseng. Sekoahelo sa lehong kapa rabara se beiloeng pakeng tsa mealo ea liphaephe se thibela ho hohlana le tšenyo ea ho roala.
Li-cap tsa ho qetela:Likoahelo tsa polasetiki kapa tsa tšepe li beoa lipheletsong ka bobeli tsa phaephe ka 'ngoe ho sireletsa lipheletsong tse betliloeng, lipheletsong tse se nang letho ho tsoa tšenyong ea matlakala, ho kena ha litšila le mongobo.
Masale a Tšepe a Mahlabelo (O ka ikhethela):Bakeng sa ho kenya liphaephe tse hlokang tšireletso e ntlafalitsoeng ea pheletso nakong ea ho khanna liqubu, masale a tšepe a sa feleng (hangata a bophara ba 50-100mm, botenya ba 6-12mm) a kopanngoa ho ea pheletsong ea ho khanna ea phaephe ka 'ngoe. Masale ana a monya litlhaselo tsa hamore ea ho khanna 'me a sireletsa pheletso ea phaephe hore e se ke ea fetoha.
Ho betla le ho roka ka sehatsetsing:Bakeng sa diotara tsa boleng bo hodimo tsa ho romela thepa kantle ho naha, thepa ya ho tlama e kang masale a foam, di-strips tsa rabara, kapa lepolanka la patsi di sebediswa pakeng tsa mealo ya diphaephe ho thibela ho kgohlahala, tshenyo ya ho roala, le tshenyo ya tshusumetso nakong ya ho sebetsana le ho tsamaisa thepa.
Lintlha tsa ho Phahamisa:Li-lug tsa ho phahamisa kapa libaka tse khethiloeng tsa ho phahamisa li ka eketsoa liphaepheng tse boima (tse fetang 2,000 kg ka phaephe) ho nolofatsa ho laolla thepa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng moo e eang teng ho sebelisoa crane kapa forklift.
Ho tsamaisa ka sekepe:
Mokhoa oa Lipalangoang:Liphaephe li romelloa ka likepe tsa lijana (lijana tsa 20ft kapa 40ft bakeng sa bophara bo bonyenyane), lijari tse kholo (tse arolang bongata bakeng sa bophara bo boholo le bophahamo bo boholo), kapa thepa ea terene, ho latela moo e eang teng, bophahamo ba odara, le potlako ea ho tlisa thepa. Likepe tsa thepa ea projeke li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa bophara bo boholo haholo kapa liphaephe tse telele haholo.
Ho kenya dikontenareng (Dimithara tse Nyane):Bakeng sa liphaephe tse nyane tse bophara ba tsona (hangata tse ka tlase ho 508mm / 20"), liphaephe li kenngoa ka har'a lijana tse tloaelehileng tsa ho romela thepa tsa 20ft kapa 40ft ho netefatsa hore lipalangoang li bolokehile ebile li hlophisehile. Ho kenya thepa ka har'a lijana ho sireletsa thepa maemong a leholimo, mongobo le litšila tse tsoang kantle. Moroalo o moholo oa lijana hangata ke lithane tse 20-25 ka sejana sa 20ft.
Ho Laela Likepe Tse Ngata (Bophara bo Boholo le Bongata bo Boholo):Bakeng sa diotara tsa boholo bo boholo (hangata tse fetang ditone tse 500) kapa diphaephe tse bophara bo boholo (tse fetang 508mm / 20"), diphaephe di kenngwa ka ho toba ka hara dijari tse kgolo kapa dikepeng tse kentsweng ka dikere. Dibalaka tsa ho phahamisa le di-spreader bars di thibela tshenyo nakong ya ho kenya. Ho tjhesa, ho qhaqha le ho tiisa diketane ho sebediswa ho thibela ho falla ha thepa nakong ya ho tsamaya lewatleng. Mokhoa ona o theko e tlase haholo bakeng sa merero e boima ya ho bokella dipeipi tsa lewatleng.
Lijana tse bataletseng kapa tse bulehileng tse ka holimo (Bolelele bo fetang / Bolelele bo fetang):Bakeng sa liphaephe tse fetang litekanyo tse tloaelehileng tsa setshelo (bolelele ba >12m kapa bophara ba >2.3m), lijana tse bataletseng tsa rack kapa lijana tse bulehileng tse ka holimo li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa bongata bo phutholohileng. Lijana tsena tse khethehileng li lumella ho tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ha thepa e kholo.
Ho Ngola le ho Fana ka Litokomane:Phanele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe kapa phaephe e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ngotsoe ka ho hlaka ka tlhahisoleseling ea bohlokoa ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha sa thepa, maemo a tloaelehileng, litekanyo, nomoro ea mocheso, nomoro ea phaephe/phaephe, le litaelo tsa ho e sebetsana. Litokomane tse felletseng tsa ho romella li lokisetsoa ho tlosoa ha thepa le ho latela thepa.
Ho Latela Melao ea Meeto:Bakeng sa thomello ya matjhaba, ditokomane tsohle tse hlokahalang tsa lekgetho --- ho kenyeletswa le invoice ya kgwebo, lenane la ho paka, bili ya thepa, Setifikeiti sa Tshimoloho (haeba ho hlokahala), Disetifikeiti tsa Teko ya Mill, le diphemiti dife kapa dife tse hlokahalang tsa ho reka kantle ho naha --- di lokisitswe ho netefatsa hore thepa e tloswa hantle koung ya moo e yang teng.
Ho tiisa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng:Ka hare ho koloi ea lipalangoang kapa setshelo, liphutheloana le liphaephe ka bonngoe li tlameletsoe ka thata le ho tšehetsoa ka ho sebelisa marapo a tšepe (ka litšireletso tsa likhutlo), mekotla ea lithōle, ho tšehetsoa ka mapolanka, kapa ho tlangoa ka ketane ho thibela ho sisinyeha, ho pitikoa, kapa ho sisinyeha ho ka bakang tšenyo nakong ea leeto.
Ho Latela le ho Hlokomela:Mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho latela thepa e sebelisoa ho lekola boemo ba thomello le ho fana ka lintlafatso tsa sebaka ka nako ea sebele ho bareki. Linomoro tsa ho latela likhonteinara li fanoa bakeng sa thomello eohle ea likhonteinara. Ho latela likepe hoa fumaneha bakeng sa thomello e kholo.
Inshorense:Ho latela boleng ba odara le litlhoko tsa bareki, inshorense ea thepa ea likepe (Kotsi eohle kapa Ka karolelano ea tšireletso) e ka hlophisoa ho koahela tahlehelo kapa tšenyo e ka bang teng nakong ea lipalangoang. Bakeng sa merero ea ho bokella liqubu tsa likepe ea boleng bo holimo, inshorense e eketsehileng ea ho lokisa le ho kenya e ka khothaletsoa.
Moralo oa ho phahamisa lintho tse boima:Bakeng sa liphaephe tse boima haholo (tse fetang 5,000 kg ka phaephe), ho kgothaletswa ho hokahanya esale pele le kou ya ho ya bakeng sa disebediswa tsa ho tshwara diphaephe tse boima (dikereine tse nang le bokgoni bo lekaneng, di-spreader bars tse ikgethang). Womic Steel e fana ka dintlha tse qaqileng tsa thepa ho kenyeletswa le boima ba phaephe le boholo ba yona bakeng sa moralo wa projeke.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, Womic Steel e netefatsa hore liphaephe tsohle tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW li phuthetsoe ka mehato ea tšireletso e etellang pele indastering 'me li romelloa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e tšepahalang ea lipalangoang ho fihla moo li eang teng li le boemong bo botle. Mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho paka le ho romela thepa e bohlokoa ho boloka botšepehi le boleng ba lihlahisoa tse tlisoang, haholo-holo bakeng sa merero ea bohlokoa ea motheo oa leoatle.
10. Melemo le Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa ka Tšepe ea Womic - ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Pile ea Tšepe
Hobaneng o lokela ho sebelisana le Womic Steel bakeng sa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Piling Pipe?
Mefuta e Felletseng ea Boholo:Ts'ebetso ea SSAW e akaretsang 508mm ho isa ho 3,000mm OD, botenya ba lebota bo fihlang ho 25.4mm, bolelele bo fihlang ho 60m bakeng sa merero e tebileng ea motheo le ea ho bokella liqubu tsa leoatleng.
Tsepamiso ea Likepe le Linaheng Tse Ling:Phihlelo e ikhethang lits'ebetsong tsa ho kenya lipeipi tsa leoatleng le lebōpong la leoatle ho kenyeletsoa kaho ea likou, liforomo tsa leoatleng, metheo ea borokho le merero ea tšireletso ea lebopong. Kutloisiso ea tšireletso ea mafome a leoatleng le litlhoko tsa khatello ea ho khanna.
Masale a Tšepe a Mahlabelo:Ho tjheseletsa masale a tshepe a sehlabelo ka hare ho dipheletso tsa ho kganna diphaephe bakeng sa tshireletso e ntlafetseng nakong ya tshebetso ya ho kganna diphaephe, ho fokotsa ho fetoha ha dipheletso tsa phaephe le tieho ya ho e kenya.
Litšebeletso tse Ekelitsoeng Boleng:Ho bevel ha qetello (30°-35°), ho seha ha pheletso e se nang letho, ho koahela ka tšireletso (FBE, 3LPE, Coal Tar Epoxy, Galvanizing), le ho phuthela ho thibelang ho bola ho fumaneha ka tlung kapa ka lits'ebeletso tsa balekane ba tšoanelehang.
Bokgoni ba Bolelele bo Bolelele:Bolelele bo le bong ba ho fihlela ho 60m bakeng sa merero e tebileng ea motheo, e fokotsang litlhoko tsa ho kopanya masimo le nako ea ho kenya. Bolelele bo ikhethileng bo fumaneha ntle le litefiso tse eketsehileng bakeng sa mefuta e tloaelehileng.
Thepa ea Tlholisano:Tšebelisano-'moho ea maano le barekisi ba thepa ba lefats'e ka bophara le litsebi tsa thepa ea merero li netefatsa hore ho jarolloa thepa hantle (setshelo, sekepe se robehileng, kapa sekepe sa projeke) le ho romelloa ha thepa lefatšeng ka bophara ka theko e tlase bakeng sa liphaephe tse boima le tse kholo tsa ho bokella thepa.
Litokomane tse Felletseng:Litifikeiti tsa Teko e Felletseng ea Mill (EN 10204 Mofuta oa 2.2, 3.1, kapa 3.2), litlaleho tsa NDT (UT, RT), litlaleho tsa litekanyo, le litokomane tsa ho sala morao li fanoe bakeng sa thomello e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Tlhahlobo ea mokha oa boraro (SGS, BV, TÜV, LR, DNV) e nolofalitsoe ha ho kopuoa.
Khetha Womic Steel Group e le molekane oa hau ea tšepahalang bakeng sa liqubu tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW tsa boleng bo holimo bakeng sa merero ea likepe, mabopong a leoatle le motheo o tebileng lefatšeng ka bophara. Rea u amohela ho botsa!
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Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa (Lipotso Tse Botsoang Khafetsa) - ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW Pile ea Tšepe
P: Phapang ke efe pakeng tsa SSAW le LSAW bakeng sa ho kenya liphaephe?
K: SSAW (Spiral Submerged Arc Welded) e sebelisa mokhoa oa ho tjheseletsa o potolohang, o loketseng mabota a maholo (508mm-3,000mm) le mabota a masesaane ho isa ho a mahareng. LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded) e sebelisa weld e otlolohileng ea seam, e molemo bakeng sa mabota a manyane (508mm-1,500mm) le mabota a teteaneng (ho fihlela ho 50.8mm). Ka kakaretso SSAW e theko e tlaase haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho bokella bophara bo boholo haholo, ha LSAW e fana ka botsitso bo betere ba weld seam bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa mabota a teteaneng.
P: Lesale la tšepe la sehlabelo ke eng 'me le lokela ho sebelisoa neng?
K: Lesale la tšepe le nyeheloang ke karolo e kgutshwane ya tshepe (hangata e bophara ba 50-100mm, botenya ba 6-12mm, phaephe e tshwanang le OD) e hokelletsweng pheletsong e kgannang ya phaephe e kgobokanyang. E monya matla a tshusumetso ho tswa ho hamore e kgannang ya qubu, e sireletsa pheletso ya phaephe hore e se ke ya fetoha, ya kgokoloha, kapa ya petsoha. Masale a sehlabelo a kgothaletswa bakeng sa maemo a ho kganna ka thata (lehlabathe le teteaneng, lehlohlojane, di-socket tsa mafika), dihamore tse boima tse kgannang qubu, diphaephe tse leboteng le lesesane, diporojeke tsa bohlokwa moo tshenyo ya pheletso ya phaephe e ka bakang tieho ya kemiso, le diphaephe tse hlokang ho se kenele metsi kamora ho kganna.
P: Ke dikgetho dife tsa bolelele tse fumanehang bakeng sa phaephe ya ho phutha ya ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW?
K: Bolelele bo tloaelehileng ke 6m, 12m, le 18m. Bakeng sa merero e tebileng ea motheo le ea likepe, re fana ka bolelele bo ikhethileng ho fihlela ho 60m (maoto a 200) ho latela bophara le botenya ba lebota. Bolelele bo bolelele bo eketsehileng bo fana ka melemo e meholo: palo e fokotsehileng ea li-splices tsa masimo (litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa ho kenya, kemiso e potlakileng), ho ntlafala ha ho tsoela pele ha sebopeho, le kotsi e fokotsehileng ea liphoso tsa weld. Leha ho le joalo, bolelele bo bolelele bo hloka lipalangoang tse khethehileng (lijana tse bataletseng tsa rack, likepe tse kholo, kapa thepa ea projeke) 'me li ka ba le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa thepa.
P: Ke dikgetho dife tsa ho kwahela tse fumanehang bakeng sa diphaephe tsa ho kenya dipeipi tsa lewatleng ho sireletsa kgahlanong le mafome a metsi a lewatle?
K: Re fana ka dikgetho tse ngata tsa ho kwahela dikobo bakeng sa dibaka tsa lewatle: FBE (Fusion Bonded Epoxy) lera le le leng kapa le duleng, 3LPE/3LPP (Polyethylene/Polypropylene ya Mealo e Meraro), Coal Tar Epoxy, Hot Dip Galvanizing, Liquid Epoxy, le Concrete Weight Coating (CWC). Bakeng sa dikopo tse ngata tsa ho kwahela dikobo tsa lewatle, 3LPE kapa FBE coating e kopantsweng le tshireletso ya cathodic ke tekanyetso ya indasteri.
P: Na o ka fana ka phaephe ya ho bokella ka tlhahlobo ya motho wa boraro (SGS, BV, TÜV, DNV, LR)?
K: E. Re amohela le ho thusa ho hlahloba ke DNV, BV, SGS, TÜV, ABS, LR, kapa moemeli ofe kapa ofe ea khethiloeng ke moreki nakong ea tlhahiso le pele ho thomello. 3.2 Lisetifikeiti tsa tlhahlobo tse netefalitsoeng ke mekhatlo ea motho oa boraro e lumelletsoeng li fanoa khafetsa ha li kopuoa.
P: Ke teko efe e sa senyeheng (NDT) e fanoang bakeng sa phaephe ea ho bokella ea ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW?
A: NDT e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa Teko ea Ultrasonic ea 100% (UT) ea seam ea weld le 'mele oa phaephe, hammoho le tlhahlobo ea sebaka sa Teko ea Radiographic (RT). MPI, Teko ea Hydrostatic, le UT e eketsehileng lia fumaneha ha ho kopuoa. Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa metsing, re khothaletsa 100% RT kapa UT e bolelele bo felletseng.
P: Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho etella pele bakeng sa phaephe ea ho bokella ea ASTM A252 GR.3 SSAW ke efe?
K: Linako tse tloaelehileng tsa ho etella pele ke matsatsi a ka bang 30-45 bakeng sa tlhahiso ea SSAW, ho latela bongata ba odara, bophara, botenya ba lebota, le litlhoko tsa liteko. Liodara tse potlakileng (matsatsi a 20-30) li ka fumaneha bakeng sa bongata bo bonyenyane. Bakeng sa merero e hlokang tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro, eketsa matsatsi a 5-10. Bakeng sa ho koahela (FBE, 3LPE, jj.), eketsa matsatsi a 10-20.
P: Ke litokomane life tse fanoang ka thomello ka 'ngoe?
A: Thomello ka 'ngoe e kenyelletsa Setifikeiti sa Teko ea Mill (EN 10204 Type 3.1), Tlaleho ea Tlhahlobo ea Dimensional, Litlaleho tsa UT, Litlaleho tsa RT (haeba ho boletsoe), Litokomane tsa ho Latela Lintho, Lethathamo la ho Paka, Invoice ea Khoebo, le Setifikeiti sa Tšimoloho. Bakeng sa maemo a EN, phatlalatso ea ho tšoaea CE le Phatlalatso ea Ts'ebetso (DoP) li ka fanoa.
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