English
Liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele tsa boleng bo holimo
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele
  • Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele

Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa LSAW tse cheselitsoeng ka nako e telele

Tlhaloso e Khutšoanyane:

Mantsoe a sehlooho:Pipe ea tšepe ea LSAW, phala e cheselitsoeng ka longitudinally, phala ea tšepe ea SAWL

Boholo:OD: 16 Inch - 80 Inch, DN350mm - DN2000mm.

Botenya ba Lebota:6mm-50mm.

Bolelele:E le 'Ngoe Random, Habeli Random & Customized Bolelele ho fihla ho 48 Meters.

QETA:Qetello e Ntle, Qetello e Beveled.

Ho penta/Ho penta:Pente e ntšo, Coating ea 3LPE, Epoxy Coating, Coal Tar Enamel (CTE) Coating, Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating, Concrete Weight Coating, Hot-Dip Galvanization joalo-joalo...

Maemo a Pipe:PI 5L PSL1/PSL2 Gr.A, Gr.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, ASTM A53/A252/A500/A672/A691/A139, EN10210/EN10210/EN7029/EN7 AS1163/JIS G3457 joalo-joalo…

Delibari:Nakong ea matsatsi a 20-30 ho latela bongata ba odara ea hau, Lintho tse fumanehang khafetsa ka metšoasong.


Litlhaloso tsa Sehlahisoa

Lintlha tsa Sehlahisoa

Li-tag tsa Sehlahisoa

Tlhaloso ea Sehlahisoa

LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding) lipeipi tsa tšepe ke mofuta oa phala ea tšepe e cheselitsoeng e khetholloang ka mokhoa oa bona o ikhethang oa tlhahiso le mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa.Liphaephe tsena li etsoa ka ho etsa poleiti ea tšepe hore e be sebopeho sa cylindrical le ho e cheseletsa ka nako e telele ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ho tjheseletsa ka har'a metsi.Mona ke kakaretso ea liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa LSAW:

Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso:
● Ho Lokisetsa Plate: Lipoleiti tsa tšepe tsa boleng bo phahameng li khethoa ho latela litlhoko tse khethehileng, ho netefatsa thepa ea mochine e lakatsehang le metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale.
● Ho Bopa: Letlapa la tšepe le bōptjoa hore e be phala ea cylindrical ka mekhoa e kang ho kobeha, ho bilika kapa ho tobetsa (JCOE le UOE).Mathoko a kobehile pele ho thusa ho cheseletsa.
● Welding: Ho sebelisoa li-arc welding (SAW) tse ka tlas'a metsi, moo arc e bolokiloeng tlas'a lera la flux.Sena se hlahisa li-welds tsa boleng bo holimo tse nang le bofokoli bo fokolang le fusion e ntle haholo.
● Tlhahlobo ea Ultrasonic: Ka mor'a ho cheselletsa, ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea ultrasonic ho fumana mefokolo leha e le efe ea ka hare kapa ea ka ntle sebakeng sa weld.
● Ho Atolosoa: Pipe e ka atolosoa ho finyella bophara bo lakatsehang le botenya ba lerako, ho matlafatsa ho nepahala ha dimensional.
● Tlhatlhobo ea ho Qetela: Teko e felletseng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahlobo ea pono, tlhahlobo ea boholo, le liteko tsa thepa ea mochini, li netefatsa boleng ba phaephe.

Melemo:
● Tšebeliso ea Litšenyehelo: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li fana ka tharollo e theko e tlaase bakeng sa liphaephe tsa bophara bo boholo le lisebelisoa tsa meralo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea tsona ea tlhahiso e sebetsang hantle.
● Matla a Phahameng: Mokhoa oa ho tjheseletsa oa longitudinal o fella ka liphaephe tse nang le thepa e matla le e tšoanang ea mechine.
● Ho nepahala ha Dimensional: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li bonts'a litekanyo tse nepahetseng, tse etsang hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa likopo tse nang le mamello e thata.
● Boleng ba Weld: Welding ea arc e ka tlas'a metsi e hlahisa li-welds tsa boleng bo phahameng tse nang le motsoako o babatsehang le mefokolo e fokolang.
● Liphaephe tsa LSAW li sebelisoa liindastering tse sa tšoaneng, tse akarelletsang oli le khase, kaho le phepelo ea metsi, ka lebaka la ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho tšoarella ha tsona.

Ka kakaretso, liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa LSAW li etsoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng le o sebetsang hantle, o hlahisang liphaephe tse ngata, tse theko e tlaase, le tse tšoarellang tse loketseng mekhoa e mengata ea indasteri.

Litlhaloso

API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3
EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
ASTM A53/A53M: G.A, GR.B
EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2
DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0
AS/NZS 1163: Kereiti ea C250 , Kereiti ea C350, Kereiti ea C450
GB/T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485
ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CJ10

Mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahiso

Kantle Diameter

Botenya ba lebota bo fumanehang bakeng sa kereiti e ka tlase ea tšepe

Intshi

mm

Kereiti ea tšepe

Intshi

mm

L245(Gr.B)

L290(X42)

L360(X52)

L415(X60)

L450(X65)

L485(X70)

L555(X80)

16

406

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-45.0mm

6.0-40mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

18

457

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-45.0mm

6.0-40mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

20

508

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-45.0mm

6.0-40mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

22

559

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-50.0mm

6.0-45.0mm

6.0-43mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

24

610

6.0-57.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-45.0mm

6.0-43mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

26

660

6.0-57.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-43mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

28

711

6.0-57.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-55.0mm

6.0-48.0mm

6.0-43mm

6.0-31.8mm

6.0-29.5mm

30

762

7.0-60.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-48.0mm

7.0-47.0mm

7.0-35mm

7.0-32.0mm

32

813

7.0-60.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-48.0mm

7.0-47.0mm

7.0-35mm

7.0-32.0mm

34

864

7.0-60.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-58.0mm

7.0-48.0mm

7.0-47.0mm

7.0-35mm

7.0-32.0mm

36

914

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-52.0mm

8.0-47.0mm

8.0-35mm

8.0-32.0mm

38

965

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-52.0mm

8.0-47.0mm

8.0-35mm

8.0-32.0mm

40

1016

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-52.0mm

8.0-47.0mm

8.0-35mm

8.0-32.0mm

42

1067

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-60.0mm

8.0-52.0mm

8.0-47.0mm

8.0-35mm

8.0-32.0mm

44

1118

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-52.0mm

9.0-47.0mm

9.0-35mm

9.0-32.0mm

46

1168

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-52.0mm

9.0-47.0mm

9.0-35mm

9.0-32.0mm

48

1219

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-52.0mm

9.0-47.0mm

9.0-35mm

9.0-32.0mm

52

1321

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-60.0mm

9.0-52.0mm

9.0-47.0mm

9.0-35mm

9.0-32.0mm

56

1422

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-52mm

10.0-47.0mm

10.0-35mm

10.0-32.0mm

60

1524

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-52mm

10.0-47.0mm

10.0-35mm

10.0-32.0mm

64

1626

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-52mm

10.0-47.0mm

10.0-35mm

10.0-32.0mm

68

1727

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-52mm

10.0-47.0mm

10.0-35mm

10.0-32.0mm

72

1829

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-60.0mm

10.0-52mm

10.0-47.0mm

10.0-35mm

10.0-32.0mm

* Boholo bo bong bo ka etsoa ka mor'a lipuisano

Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale le Mechanical Thepa ea LSAW Steel Pipe

Standard Kereiti Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale(boholo)% Mechanical Properties(mets)
C Mn Si S P Yield Strength(Mpa) Tensile Strength(Mpa)
GB/T700-2006 A 0.22 1.4 0.35 0.050 0.045 235 370
B 0.2 1.4 0.35 0.045 0.045 235 370
C 0.17 1.4 0.35 0.040 0.040 235 370
D 0.17 1.4 0.35 0.035 0.035 235 370
GB/T1591-2009 A 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.035 0.035 345 470
B 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.030 0.030 345 470
C 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.030 0.030 345 470
Setšoantšo sa EN10025 S235JR 0.17 1.4 - 0.035 0.035 235 360
S275JR 0.21 1.5 - 0.035 0.035 275 410
S355JR 0.24 1.6 - 0.035 0.035 355 470
DIN 17100 ST37-2 0.2 - - 0.050 0.050 225 340
ST44-2 0.21 - - 0.050 0.050 265 410
ST52-3 0.2 1.6 0.55 0.040 0.040 345 490
JIS G3101 SS400 - - - 0.050 0.050 235 400
SS490 - - - 0.050 0.050 275 490
API 5L PSL1 A 0.22 0.9 - 0.03 0.03 210 335
B 0.26 1.2 - 0.03 0.03 245 415
X42 0.26 1.3 - 0.03 0.03 290 415
X46 0.26 1.4 - 0.03 0.03 320 435
X52 0.26 1.4 - 0.03 0.03 360 460
X56 0.26 1.1 - 0.03 0.03 390 490
X60 0.26 1.4 - 0.03 0.03 415 520
X65 0.26 1.45 - 0.03 0.03 450 535
X70 0.26 1.65 - 0.03 0.03 585 570

Maemo le Kereiti

Standard

Likereiti tsa tšepe

API 5L: Tlhaloso bakeng sa Pipe ea Line

GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80

ASTM A252: Tlhaloso e Tloaelehileng bakeng sa Lipipe tsa Lipeipi tsa Tšepe tse Welded le tse Seamless

GR.1, GR.2, GR.3

TS EN 10219-1: Likarolo tse se nang alloy le tse ntle tsa lijo-thollo tse nang le Cold Ford Form Welded Structural Hollow

S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

TS EN 10210: Likarolo tse Chesang tse Felletseng tsa Mehaho ea Mehaho e sa Alloy le Litšepe tse Ntle tsa Grain

S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

ASTM A53/A53M: Pipe, Tšepe, E Ntšo le e Chesang, E koahetsoeng ka Zinc, e cheselitsoe ebile ha e Seamless

G.A, GR.B

TS EN 10208 Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tsa lipeipi tsa lipeipi indastering ea peterole le ea khase ea tlhaho.

L210GA, L235GA, L245GA, L290GA, L360GA

EN 10217: Li-tubes tsa tšepe tse cheselitsoeng bakeng sa merero ea khatello

P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1,

P265TR2

DIN 2458: Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse cheselitsoeng le liphaephe

St37.0, St44.0, St52.0

AS/NZS 1163: Tekanyetso ya Australia/New Zealand bakeng sa dikarolo tse Hollow tsa Sebopeho sa Mohatsela

Kereiti ea C250, Kereiti ea C350, Kereiti ea C450

GB/T 9711: Liindasteri tsa Petroleum le Khase ea Tlhaho - Pipe ea Tšepe ea Liphaephe

L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485

ASTM A671: Motlakase-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe bakeng sa Sepakapaka le Thempereichara e Tlaase

CA 55, CB 60, CB 65, CB 70, CC 60, CC 65, CC 70

ASTM A672: Pipe ea tšepe ea motlakase-fusion-welded bakeng sa tšebeletso ea khatello e phahameng ka mocheso o itekanetseng.

A45, A50, A55, B60, B65, B70, C55, C60, C65

ASTM A691: Pipe ea tšepe ea carbon le alloy, e entsoeng ka motlakase-fusion-welded bakeng sa tšebeletso ea khatello e phahameng ka mocheso o phahameng.

CM-65, CM-70, CM-75, 1/2CR-1/2MO, 1CR-1/2MO, 2-1/4CR,

3CR

Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso

LSAW

Taolo ea Boleng

● Ho Hlahloba Lintho Tse Ngata
● Tlhahlobo ea Lik'hemik'hale
● Teko ea Mechini
● Tlhahlobo ea Pono
● Tlhahlobo ea Boemo
● Teko ea Bend
● Teko ea Tšusumetso
● Intergranular Corrosion Test
● Tlhahlobo e sa Senyeheng (UT, MT, PT)
● Tšoaneleho ea Mokhoa oa ho Welding

● Tlhahlobo ea Microstructure
● Teko ea ho Flaring le ho Betlafatsa
● Teko ea ho Thatafala
● Tlhahlobo ea Hydrostatic
● Teko ea Metallography
● Hydrogen Induced Cracking Test (HIC)
● Sulfida Stress Cracking Test (SSC)
● Teko ea Hona Joale ea Eddy
● Tlhahlobo ea ho Penta le ho Koahela
● Tlhahlobo ea Litokomane

Tšebeliso & Tšebeliso

Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding) li fumana lisebelisoa tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng ka lebaka la sebopeho sa tsona sa botšepehi le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo.Ka tlase ke tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso le ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa ea liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa LSAW:
● Lipalangoang tsa Oli le Khase: Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea oli le ea khase bakeng sa tsamaiso ea lipeipi.Liphaephe tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho tsamaisa oli e tala, khase ea tlhaho le maro a mang kapa likhase.
● Metsi a Metsi: Lipeipi tsa LSAW li sebelisoa mererong ea litšebeletso tsa motheo tse amanang le metsi, ho kenyeletsoa phepelo ea metsi le tsamaiso ea ho ntša metsi.
● Tšebeliso ea Lik'hemik'hale: Lipeipi tsa LSAW li sebetsa liindastering tsa lik'hemik'hale moo li sebelisetsoang ho tsamaisa lik'hemik'hale, maro le likhase ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng le o sebetsang hantle.
● Kaho le Mehaho ea Motheo: Liphaephe tsena li sebelisoa mererong e fapaneng ea kaho, e kang metheo ea kaho, marokho le mesebetsi e meng ea meralo.
● Ho tlatsa: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li sebelisoa ho bokella likopo ho fana ka tšehetso ea motheo mererong ea kaho, ho kenyeletsoa metheo ea kaho le meaho ea leoatle.
● Lekala la Eneji: Li sebelisetsoa ho tsamaisa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea matla, ho akarelletsa le mouoane le maro a chesang a chesang lifemeng tse fehlang motlakase.
● Merafo: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li fumana kopo mererong ea merafo bakeng sa ho tsamaisa thepa le mehatla.
● Mekhoa ea Liindasteri: Liindasteri tse kang tlhahiso le tlhahiso li sebelisa liphaephe tsa LSAW bakeng sa mekhoa e fapaneng ea indasteri, ho kenyelletsa le ho tsamaisa thepa e tala le lihlahisoa tse felileng.
● Ntlafatso ea Meralo ea Motheo: Liphaephe tsena ke tsa bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng merero ea meralo ea motheo e kang litsela, litsela tse kholo le lisebelisoa tsa ka tlas’a lefatše.
● Tšehetso ea Mehaho: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho etsa litšehetso tsa meralo, litšiea le maballo mererong ea kaho le ea boenjiniere.
● Ho haha ​​​​Likepe: Lefapheng la kaho ea likepe, liphaephe tsa LSAW li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho haha ​​likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa likepe, ho kenyelletsa le li-hull le likarolo tsa mohaho.
● Indasteri ea Likoloi: Liphaephe tsa LSAW li ka sebelisoa ha ho etsoa likarolo tsa likoloi, ho akarelletsa le lisebelisoa tsa ho ntša metsi.

Lisebelisoa tsena li bonts'a ho feto-fetoha ha lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW ho pholletsa le makala a fapaneng, ka lebaka la ho tšoarella ha tsona, matla le ho tšoaneleha ha tsona bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho.

Ho paka & ho Romela

Ho paka le ho romelloa ka nepo ha lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW (Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding) li bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore lipalangoang tsa tsona li bolokehile le ho isoa libakeng tse fapaneng.Mona ke tlhaloso ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho paka le ho tsamaisa lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW:

Ho paka:
● Ho Kopana: Liphaephe tsa LSAW hangata li tlamelloa hammoho kapa Karolo e le 'Ngoe e pakiloeng ho sebelisoa marapo a tšepe kapa mabanta ho etsa likarolo tse laolehang bakeng sa ho sebetsana le lipalangoang.
● Tšireletso: Lipheletso tsa liphaephe li sirelelitsoe ka likatiba tsa polasetiki ho thibela tšenyo nakong ea leeto.Ho phaella moo, liphaephe li ka koaheloa ka thepa e sireletsang ho itšireletsa khahlanong le maemo a tikoloho.
● Anti-Corrosion Coating: Haeba liphaephe li na le tšireletso e thibelang ho bola, botšepehi ba ho roala bo tiisitsoe nakong ea ho paka ho thibela tšenyo nakong ea ho tšoara le ho tsamaisa.
● Ho Tšoaea le ho Ngola: Sephutheloana se seng le se seng se ngotsoe ka lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse kang boholo ba liphaephe, boemo ba thepa, nomoro ea mocheso, le lintlha tse ling bakeng sa ho tsebahatsa habonolo.
● Ho sireletsa: Lingata li tlamelloa ka thata holim'a liphalete kapa li-skids ho thibela ho sisinyeha ha lipalangoang.

Ho tsamaisa ka sekepe:
● Mekhoa ea Lipalangoang: Lipeipi tsa tšepe tsa LSAW li ka romelloa ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng tsa lipalangoang, tse akarelletsang tsela, seporo, leoatle kapa moea, ho itšetlehile ka sebaka seo li eang ho sona le ho potlaka.
● Containerization: Liphaephe li ka romelloa ka lijaneng bakeng sa tšireletso e eketsehileng, haholo-holo nakong ea lipalangoang tsa mose ho maoatle.Lijana li kenngoa 'me li sirelelitsoe ho thibela ho sisinyeha nakong ea leeto.
● Basebetsi ba Logistics: Lik'hamphani tse nang le botumo bo botle ba thepa kapa bajari ba nang le phihlelo ea ho sebetsana le liphaephe tsa tšepe ba kopanela ho netefatsa hore ho tsamaisoa ho bolokehile le ka nako.
● Litokomane tsa Melato: Litokomane tse hlokahalang tsa lekhetho, ho kopanyelletsa le likoloto tsa thepa, mangolo a mangolo a tsoang linaheng tse ling, le lipampiri tse ling tse amehang, li lokiselitsoe le ho romelloa bakeng sa ho romelloa linaheng tse ling.
● Inshorense: Ho itšetlehile ka boleng le mofuta oa thepa, ho ka ’na ha lokisetsoa tšireletso ea inshorense e le ho sireletsa liketsahalong tse sa lebelloang nakong ea leeto.
● Tracking: Mekhoa ea morao-rao ea ho latedisa e dumella moromedi le moamohedi ho lekola tsoelopele ya thomello ka nako ya nnete, ho netefatsa ponaletso le diapdeite tse nakong.
● Ho tsamaisoa: Lipeipi li laolloa sebakeng seo li eang ho sona, ho latela mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho laolla ho qoba tšenyo.
● Tlhahlobo: Ha li fihla, liphaephe li ka hlahlojoa ho netefatsa boemo ba tsona le ho lumellana le litlhaloso pele li amoheloa ke moamoheli.

Mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho paka le ea ho romela thepa e thusa ho thibela tšenyo, ho boloka botšepehi ba liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa LSAW, le ho netefatsa hore li fihla libakeng tseo li reriloeng ho tsona ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng le ka boemo bo nepahetseng.

LSAW Liphaephe tsa Tšepe (2)
  • E fetileng:
  • E 'ngoe:

    • Lihlahisoa tse Amanang

    Botsa Joale